Guide to How to Critique a Movie

Manual for How to Critique a Movie Tips on How to Write a Movie Critique Any place you learn at the school, school, or college, you may need to compose diverse kind of papers, for example scholastic one, basic article, reaction paper, etc. In any case, one of the most loved understudies composing assignments is a basic film audit. Despite the fact that you may pick the film you like and make your creative cycle a lot simpler, a great deal of understudies despite everything request that how compose a film investigate accurately. Some first-year understudies and even senior ones are mistaken for the contrast between the basic film audit and film scrutinize. In this way, the main tip on the best way to compose a film investigate appropriately is to explain the distinction between an audit and study of a film. It is quite simple when you understand that a film survey is an approach to talk about the plot, sum up it, and express your last supposition. In the interim, a film evaluate paper expects you to lead an inside and out investigation, cause to notice the characters discourse, expressive gadgets, settings and behind the stage, scenes imageries and its elements, explanations behind the applied sound and video impacts, and so forth. On the off chance that you understand these things and like the picked film, you will have no inquiries on the best way to compose a film investigate. All things considered, on the off chance that you battle with your composition, you have two choices. The first is as per the foll owing: you can without much of a stretch request a film study paper in one of the solid composing organizations, for instance, Star-Writers, which gives you elegantly composed scholarly papers and exposition at an average cost. The subsequent one lies in the way that you can utilize the accompanying free and proficient tips on the most proficient method to study a film gave by our exceptionally proficient specialists and film pundits. Obviously, we exceptionally urge you to compose a paper without anyone else to challenge and improve your composition and basic reasoning aptitudes. These tips will unequivocally support you, so continue perusing to know more! Seven Steps in Writing a Movie Critique Few can answer accurately how to investigate a film since there are numerous different techniques and approaches these days. Consequently, we have assembled, investigated, and summed up the most proficient and viable tips on the most proficient method to compose a film study effectively and innovatively. The first and the most effortless tip on the most proficient method to compose a film scrutinize is to watch the film before composing a paper. The principle task isn't simply to watch a film as we ordinarily do it on Friday nighttimes yet to be mindful to the smallest subtleties, characters, and discoursed. At the end of the day, we should take note of certain things we like and abhorrence in the specific movie. Contingent upon the film, you will see various things. Accordingly, we can't determine what precisely you should cause you to notice, yet we can suggest you putting down everything that draw in you. The most ideal way and measure to miss nothing is to follow your sentiments. It will make your paper 100% one of a kind. How to evaluate a film without focusing on the purported film structure? So also to the novel, every film has the introduction, focal subject, peak, and account conclusion or result. It is profoundly noteworthy to acknowledge and explain all these fundamental film components and decipher them. Therefore, you will have two or three words on every perspective and can without much of a stretch answer how to compose a film evaluate on this stage. How to compose a film investigate without dissecting the principle and minor characters? Each film comprises of different and various characters with assorted highlights. Normally, every one of them can act like an awful, great, or blended temper individual. One of the basic hint on the most proficient method to study a film is make sense of each and every characters highlights and his job in this film. Regardless of whether it appears to be an immaterial or minor character, the person in question may hugy affect the plot. Utilize a few techniques on the best way to scrutinize a film character focusing on the physical and mental idiosyncrasies. The following tip on the most proficient method to compose a film study is emphatically identified with the movie on-screen characters, executive, maker, discharge information, sound, and enhanced visualizations. Clearly, it is exceptionally basic to watch every one of these components to understand the primary thought of the film. Specialists accept that examining every one of those things is the best tip on the best way to scrutinize a film inside and out. There are a couple of instances of why this technique is productive. Generally, a ton of movies are committed to a specific occasion, date, or individual, particularly verifiable, narrative, and so on. Understanding this executives thought will disclose to you a great deal about the entire film, it gives you a film skeleton you may use for additional investigation. In actuality, breaking down sound and enhanced visualizations causes you to portray what sort of feelings and sentiments this film summons. Additionally, the picked ca st of the film may disclose to you some concealed data and shed light on some intriguing things that were not considered previously. Try not to retell the entire film and be succinct is our next recommendation on the most proficient method to scrutinize a film we might want to share. Give just those models which demonstrate your contentions or help with clarifying a greater thought or idea. Make up an exacting paper design and tail it. By and large, all scholarly papers comprise of five primary segments: General data about a movie (chief, title, information discharge), reasons you have picked it (what draws in you), and your proposition, in particular what issues or thoughts you need to consider. Educate a couple of words regarding the film and portray its plot quickly. Remember a few subtleties for settings, primary film components/characters, and film type/style. Furnish your perusers with a profound investigation of every one of those things you think about huge for understanding the entire thought of the film. Utilizing a few models and reference will be a bit of leeway. Return to your postulation and make a synopsis dependent on broke down contentions and realities. You ought to likewise give your persective and suggest or not the film for a specific crowd. The last however not minimal expression of guidance is to alter your paper. Numerous understudies disregard editing and altering their papers since they center for the most part around how to investigate a film. In any case, attempt to make your paper decipherable and alluring, and it is the last tip on the most proficient method to compose a film investigate our specialists suggest you! For more data onâ how to compose a film study accurately and where to get help inâ critique composing, take a gander at our article Movie Critique: Professional Guidelines. Obviously, in the event that you are feeling the squeeze of time or have different cutoff times, you may send your draft to any expert composing administrations, and they will assist you with composing your paper. Never surrender! Good karma! Do what needs to be done!

Greek Tragedy Exemplified in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare

Greek Tragedy Exemplified in Shakespeare's Hamlet For a few a huge number of years, dramatization has existed among humankind. The old Greeks are authorize with the formation of show, which started as basic strict ceremonies and in the long run developed into the more intricate types of disasters and comedies. The main guidelines of show, as anyone might expect, were likewise composed by a Greek- - the celebrated scholar and scholarly, Aristotle. Aristotle observed the what characteristics made a fruitful emotional piece by watching a plenty of plays composed by various Greek writers. Because of what he watched, Aristotle ordered a lot of rules to characterize the ideal disaster. So powerful, intensive, and all around created were his compositions that numerous writers and dramatists since have designed their own works after them. Aristotle noted six essential necessities for a decent catastrophe - plot, character, expression, thought, display, and melody. The most significant of these is clearly the plot. The plot needs to have a start, which doesn't really follow any occasion; a center, which follows the start and causes the completion; and obviously the finale, which is brought about by the center and doesn't itself bring about some other occasion. Sound judgment, in this manner, directs that the entirety of the demonstrations should be handily woven into each other rather than each demonstration unexpectedly beginning and suddenly finishing. The last need of a decent plot is the fuse of circumstance inversions and scenes of acknowledgment. These are quite often the most impressive pieces of any great plot, as they conjure passionate enthusiasm for the watcher. Character is the following most significant part of the ideal catastrophe after the plot. Each disaster needs to contain a terrible legend. A total vil... ...oetic type of the entirety of Shakespeare's plays is in every case all around made and issues with wording are nonexistent. Hamlet likewise contains probably the most popular talks that Shakespeare at any point composed. Hamlet's regarding life, is there any point to it discourse is most likely one of Shakespeare's most popular addresses outside of Mark Antony's companions, Romans, province men, listen closely discourse from Julius Caesar. Components of tune are additionally found in this play through the character Ophelia when she is in her infuriated state. Hamlet is without a doubt a brilliant illustration of a perfect disaster. Its plot, characters, and wording are altogether astonishingly created. It is all around considered and streams easily. William Shakespeare has genuinely grasped Aristotle's concept of the ideal disaster through his own Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Worldwide Shakespeare Theater Series. 1996.

Book Review of A National Party No More

The Conscience of a Conservative Democrat by Zell Miller In A National Party No More Senator Zell Miller composes a verifiable book that is something of a diary of his political life as a deep rooted Democrat and just as being a tirade against the Democratic Party. In 2002 the Democratic Senator Paul Coverdell from Georgia passed on out of nowhere and the Georgia Governor Roy Barnes asked Zell Miller to fill in until November of that year and afterward to run for the situation to serve the time staying in the late representative's term of office. At the point when Miller went to Washington D.C. he guarantees that he had trusted that he would see Washington as â€Å"the place where extraordinary issues of the day are discussed and explained, and incredible mammoths walk those consecrated halls.† Instead he found what Washington D.C. was not in the slightest degree like he had trusted and this incensed him â€Å"on benefit of Americans† (Miller 8). In his vocation Miller has served the State of Georgia as a chairman of various â€Å"vital offices, as a partner to two governors, as leader of the State Democratic Party, as Lieutenant Governor, and afterward as Governor† (Miller presentation no page number). He likewise served in the Georgia State Senate from 1965-1969. He flopped in his endeavors to run for the U.S. Place of Representatives from Georgia. Likewise Miller served in the U.S. Marine Corps and has instructed at four distinct schools. It is significant that most of these positions are official positions not authoritative positions so filling in as Georgia's United States Senator put him into a moderately obscure type of government where he needed broad experience and none on the national level. It shows up to some degree indistinguishable that a marine would be a long lasting Democrat since military staff right now will in general lean toward the Republican Party. Despite the fact that Miller served just three years in the Corps obviously his encounters influenced him extraordinarily on the grounds that he has composed a book Corp Values: Everything You Need to Know I Learned in the Marines.† Mill operator's book was occasioned by his encounters in the U.S. Senate starting in 2000, in mix with his propelled age. Mill operator was conceived in 1932 concurring the opposite side of the cover sheet. The book was distributed in 2003 so Miller was 70 or 71 at the time his book was distributed. This is absolutely not an issue of itself, however one miracles if Miller would make similar cases he had entered a similar Senate at forty years old or fifty. Mill operator insinuates this when he composes that he has â€Å"arrived at a station in life where I hear the whistle of that ethical police officer we as a whole need to reply to . . .† (Miller 1). He takes the event to instruct â€Å"members concerning my Democratic Party and different legislators who are so out of sight contact with standard Americans to ‘shape up'† (Miller 2). This position, implicitly accept he is right while other gathering individuals who can't help contradicting him are incorrect, is emphatically suggestive of an older honorable man near the precarious edge of retirement who hops on a soapbox to â€Å"straighten out† the people to come. This isn't to state Miller doesn't make some valid statements, he simply doesn't demonstrate them nor give the peruser adequate data to decide whether Mill is right. The book endures altogether since it has no notes, no catalog and no file. Therefore the peruser has no chance to check either the announcements Miller makes as being either obvious or bogus. Huge numbers of his cases are bolstered by narrative proof dependent on his memory of what occurred all through his profession. Mill operator calls himself a Conservative Democrat, an unordinary assignment, yet not an unreasonable one. Regardless of this he is known to have been a supporter of President George W. Hedge and reported in 2003 that he would bolster the Presidents re-appointment. He talked at the Republican National Convention in 2004 on the side of the President. Such activities scarcely demonstrate a deep rooted Democrat. Mill operator scrutinizes the Democrat Party in light of the fact that the pioneers, he asserts, have overlooked the assessments of Conservative Democrats in the South, around 33% of the U.S. populace, and have instructed them to â€Å"go to hell† (Miller 9). He seems to expect that all Democrats in the South are Conservative Democrats since he is one and that they all concur with him. He neglects to make reference to the non-preservationist Democrats in the South and appears to accept there are none. Mill operator closes the Democrat initiative can't help contradicting Southern Democrats on the basic issues of â€Å"capital discipline, late-term premature birth (even with a great deal of professional decision individuals), attempting adolescents as grown-ups, national resistance, and the educating of qualities in school† (Miller 3). Mill operator's thinking procedure is suspect for an assortment of reasons. To start with, it isn't certain that these are the basic issues, at any rate on a national level. The death penalty has been surrendered over to the states and ought not be viewed as a national issue, as are premature birth laws as long as laws don't confine a lady's entitlement to control of her own body. Attempting of adolescents as a grown-up doesn't appear to be a national issue either nor should it be. The present framework presumes adolescents won't be attempted as grown-ups except if there are huge abrogating explanations behind doing as such. The choice of where to attempt an adolescent is decided dependent upon the situation which is as it ought to be. To the extent the instructing of qualities as a national issue, it is obviously a significant issue that effects individuals all through the nation, however the Federal Government has no premise to figure out what esteems ought to be educated. Mill operator appears to have totally overlooked the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution that stores to the states any forces not designated to the national government and not disallowed to the states will be a state power. It is obvious that a large number of these basic issues are state issues. National barrier plainly is a national issue, yet government burdens, the deficiency, Medicare, and Social Security benefits are too, yet Miller doesn't make reference to these issues. Mill operator's has a meandering aimlessly and folksy composing style that slips from story to story and slides from point to point in a disorganized manner that resists direct examination. He picks his accounts by carefully choosing stories that will fortify his position regardless of whether they are not identified with the Democratic Party; on page 145 Miller cites The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Winston Churchill, and Rodney King on the same wavelength on the side of a section qualified â€Å"Give for Bigotry No Sanction.† Certainly a case can be made for refering to Rodney King, yet the other two sources were plainly not written on the side of social liberties in the United States. Shockingly Miller concedes botches he has made during his profession. He calls attention to that during 1964 he had â€Å"proclaimed that there ought to be a ‘investigation of Communist invasion in the social equality development.' What an idiot!† (Miller 143). This is surprisingly invigorating given the present atmosphere of legislators who reliably shroud what they have done and deny they have done it until they are demonstrated to have done it when they will concede and request pardoning. Then again this makes one wonder as to exactly how much trustworthiness one should put in the compositions of a self-broadcasted simpleton. Mill operator asserts that the Democratic Party no longer speaks to most of Americans and has gotten particularly excessively liberal according to the United States' populace all in all. This is a fascinating position. Mill operator doesn't guarantee the administration isn't right on issues, only that they can't help contradicting Southern Conservative Democrats, for example, himself. This leaves the chance open that the administration is right and the participation isn't right, however Miller neglects to take into account this chance. On the off chance that this ends up being the situation, apparently Miller is supporting that the Democratic Party concern itself, not with the right arrangement, however with picking up power once more. A National Party No More: The Conscience of a Conservative Democrat is generally not fruitful. His decision has merit however his treatment of the issues is second rate. The absence of references is a significant shortcoming that could be effortlessly revised. Mill operator's inability to move in a straight, coherent design for utilizing an incoherent, long winded style extraordinarily diminishes the viability of Miller's composition. As opposed to being the scorching prosecution he plans to give that will support the Democratic Party, Miller's book feels increasingly like a goodbye by a legislator whose gathering has advanced while he has not. His unhappiness and fate expectations for the Democratic Party made in 2004 demonstrated him off base since the Democratic by and by picked up the larger part in the two houses. In spite of the fact that Miller makes some fascinating focuses that have legitimacy, his book ought to be perused with carefulness. Works Cited Barnes, Fred. â€Å"Zell Miller Endorses Bush.† 29 Nov. 2003. The Daily Standard. 20 April 2007. Mill operator, Zell. A National Party No More: The Conscience of a Conservative Democrat. Atlanta: Stroud and Hall Publishing, 2003. â€Å"Text Of Zell Miller's RNC Speech.†Ã¢ 01 September 2004. CBS News. 20 April 2007â ;http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/01/legislative issues/ main640299.shtml;.

Various Facts and Details on the Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill Case

Question: Clarify On Various Facts And Details On The Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill Case? Answer: Introducation: This report contains different realities and subtleties on the Deep water Horizon oil slick case. In this article, contending position paper has been given on the BP reaction and its vital exercises to conceal all the misfortunes happened because of the oil slick. It is seen that BP recorded by the entirety of its misfortunes in its fiscal report as income costs. It has come about into high measure of misfortunes in its business working. Legislator in Gulf nations are increasingly disposed towards creating wellbeing instrument for overall population. The principle contention in this Deep water Horizon oil slick is identified with BP which has been confronting high measure of misfortunes and friends had not played out its guaranteed which was to set up eco framework for moderating these sorts of issues in not so distant future (Barnett 2007). In this report, contentions have been introduced towards the BP reactions for Oil spill. It is assessed that BP rather than foundation eco frame work in influenced region ought to enjoy changing over its worth chain instrument eco agreeable. Furthermore, BP has likewise not stored its punishments and fines sum in its escrow sum which are yet to be forced on organization. It is obvious to see that organization had made default in its eco inviting business capacities which has come about into Deep water Horizon oil slick in all the regions. The misfortunes which happened because of this case are likewise not quantifiable. The primary concern which has been seen in this entire case is that organization has been making all its interest so as to make great in its ruinous image picture. It is assessed that in the event that BP needs to see development in its business, at that point it ought to set up different eco frameworks in the business territory to experience all the negative effect of its business working on the general public (Redmond and Valentine, 2012). In any case, Politician in bay nations is additionally prepared to let down the punishments and charges which are forced on BP in the event that it works emphatically on producing eco framework and utilizing social government assistance instrument by following social government assistance and open intrigue hypotheses. According to the intrigue hypothesis, the help which has been given by BP to its partners isn't agreeable. My reactions are against the eco emotionally supportive network set up by BP which is not exactly the standard models. Furthermore, it isn't acceptable the manner in which organization utilized these misfortunes to set of benefit from different units which have additionally diminished the general taxation rate of organization according to the intrigue hypothesis. Another, contention is made that BP as opposed to placing its sum retained record should take care of off its all fines and punishments so as to build the eco framework in all the influenced zone (White, et al, 2012). References Barnett, M.L., 2007. Partner impact limit and the fluctuation of monetary comes back to corporate social obligation. Foundation of the board audit, 32(3), pp.794-816. Redmond, M.C. also, Valentine, D.L., 2012. Gaseous petrol and temperature organized a microbial network reaction to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(50), pp.20292-20297. White, H.K., Hsing, P.Y., Cho, W., Shank, T.M., Cordes, E.E., Quattrini, A.M., Nelson, R.K., Camilli, R., Demopoulos, A.W., German, C.R. furthermore, Brooks, J.M., 2012. Effect of the Deepwater Horizon oil slick on a profound water coral network in the Gulf of Mexico.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(50), pp.20303-20308.

Tiger Mom Essay

In perusing â€Å"Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mom† by Amy Chua, I was astounded how Chua partook in insight regarding her life venture as a parent and bringing up two kids. This is a book about Amy Chua’s encounters in bringing up her two girls, Sophia and Luisa (Lulu), in what she accepts is the â€Å"Chinese mother† style of child rearing. She rushes to bring up in the main section, entitled â€Å"The Chinese Mother,† that she utilizes the term â€Å"loosely† as it is silly to attempt to expect that each mother from China is a like a tiger mom.Just as â€Å"Western parents† would not be a proper name to put on each parent from Western nations. In this equivalent section she references an investigation where â€Å"50 Western American moms and 48 Chinese outsider mothers† were surveyed on the job of guardians in children’s scholarly achievement; with â€Å"70% of Western moms thought ‘stressing scholastic achievement isn't u seful for the children’ or ‘parents need to encourage the possibility that learning is fun’† versus almost â€Å"0% of the Chinese moms felt the equivalent way.† Although she states there are a few examinations that help this hypothesis, I would not place a lot of belief in this specific examination since the pool is excessively little and there are a great deal of â€Å"Western American mothers† with various style of child rearing. A â€Å"Western American mother† can be from as far west as Hawaii or from as upper east as Maine; at that point there is everybody in between.She likewise gives us a rundown of what a Chinese mother’s conviction framework involves: â€Å"schoolwork consistently starts things out; an A-short is a terrible evaluation; your kids must be two years in front of their cohorts in math; you should never commend your kids in broad daylight; if your youngster ever can't help contradicting an educator or mentor , you should consistently take the side of the instructor or mentor; (6) the main exercises your kids ought to be allowed to do are those in which they can in the long run decoration; and that award must be gold. † This rundown appears to be somewhat outrageous to me, however I get it just relies upon what you are raised to accept is the norm.When you know nothing extraordinary, this is typical, expected and acknowledged. As I read the book, I immediately acknowledged Amy Chua is exceptionally ace â€Å"Chinese† child rearing style. In section four, â€Å"The Chuas,† she depicted how her and her sisters were to talk just in Chinese in the home; â€Å"drilled math and piano everyday;† and they were not permitted to go to sleepovers at friends’ homes. However, she likewise recounts when she fashioned her dad signature so as to apply to a school in the East Coast after her dad had just said she would go to the University of California at Berkeley, wher e he was a professor.Here I saw somewhat of a defiance, which she will come to see later in the book with her little girl Lulu. All through the book, I saw numerous instances of how Chua contrasted â€Å"Chinese† child rearing with â€Å"Western† child rearing. This is particularly evident in section 10, â€Å"Teeth Marks and Bubbles. † She recounts to the tale of how she had called her oldest little girl, Sophia, trash for something Chua accepted to be â€Å"extremely disrespectful†, in spite of the fact that she never referenced the offense. She says her dad had called her something very similar when she was impolite to her mom. Nonetheless, as indicated by her, it didn't harm her self-esteem.However, when she retold this story at friend’s evening gathering, she was promptly viewed with scorn and felt avoided by everyone around her. She continues expressing the three major contrasts between the outlooks of Chinese and Western guardians. In the fi rst place, Western guardians stress over a child’s confidence and are progressively worried about the child’s mind, though Chinese guardians don’t. Chinese guardians â€Å"assume quality, not delicacy, and thus they act in an unexpected way. † Second, Chinese guardians feel their youngsters ought to be obligated to them for the penances the guardians made on their children’s behalf.Therefore, they â€Å"must spend their lives reimbursing their folks by obeying them and doing right by them. † Most Western guardians don't want to apply that equivalent weight on their kids. Third, Chua claims Chinese guardians accept they recognize what is best for their kids and feel qualified for supplant the entirety of their children’s decisions or potentially choices. In this specific occurrence, I accept a most guardians, not just Chinese guardians, accept they comprehend what is best for their youngsters. Chinese guardians make it a stride further and don't permit decisions for their youngsters, though Western guardians do permit their kid to have choices.Although Chua contends for the Chinese child rearing style, she is just expressing the contrasts between the two methodologies and the one she likes. She gives us access to her reality and strolls us through her hardships with the â€Å"Chinese mother† approach she chose to follow. Where this style of child rearing had worked with her and her sisters and somewhat her oldest little girl, Sophia, anyway Lulu was not all that tolerant. Close to the finish of the book, explicitly in Chapter 31 â€Å"Red Square,† everything reaches boiling point as she has, yet, another battle with Lulu at the GUM cafe.After the battle, Chua flees into the Red Square to be with her musings, at that point has a revelation and understands that Lulu was defying her and her â€Å"Chinese mother† style of child rearing. At the point when she comes back to the bistro, she educates Lulu that she had won and she would be permitted to settle on her own decisions and quit the violin. Do I favor this kind of child rearing? The style of child rearing Chua portrays in her journal is that of a dictator child rearing style, which â€Å"emphasizes elevated expectations and an inclination to control kids through disgracing, the withdrawal of adoration, or punishments† (http://www.parentingscience. com/chinese-child rearing. html).This style I don't concur with. Truth be told, as indicated by Dr. Gwen Dewar, â€Å"authoritarian child rearing is connected with lower levels of restraint, increasingly passionate issues, and lower scholarly execution. † Dr. Dewar is more for a definitive child rearing that includes the equivalent underlines of elevated expectations, yet in addition includes â€Å"parental warmth and a guarantee to prevail upon children† (http://www. parentingscience. com/chinese-child rearing. html).There is nothing amiss with needing t he best for your kids, needing them to succeed and imparting a difficult hard working attitude and giving direction, anyway it ought not be to the detriment of the child’s mental prosperity. Despite the fact that it would appear that Chua’s girl, Sophia, had profited by this style of child rearing, they may simply start to acknowledge they could have accomplished similar outcomes without the outrageous provocation. The truth will surface eventually if Chua’s little girls will wind up detesting her as her dad wound up loathing and isolating himself from his family subsequent to contradicting his dictator mother.Especially Lulu, who was the most troublesome one. As expressed at the outset, this is a book on how a â€Å"Chinese mother† style of child rearing was utilized by Amy Chua and the outcomes she had with this style. Despite the fact that, I may not concur with the entirety of the parts of this style, it has its aces, for example, needing your youngst er to as well as can be expected be and its cons, for example, the putting down of a kid can never be acceptable. This was never expected to be a â€Å"How to Guide† to parent your youngsters, as Chua expressed in a meeting after the book was discharged (http://abcnews. go.com/US/tiger-mother-amy-chua-passing dangers child rearing exposition/story? id=12628830).Chua has gotten a great deal analysis from numerous individuals, yet I concur with her, this isn't a manual for parent a youngster. The explanation being is that every youngster is interesting in its own particular manner. What might be a decent methodology for one, it not really useful for another. As she recognized in her book, â€Å"When Chinese child rearing succeeds, there’s in no way like it. In any case, it doesn’t consistently succeed. † However, by the day's end you settle on the choice you feel is directly for you and your family and alter, varying, as you come.

Essay to Analyse Organisations in Practice and Theory - Free Essay Example

Studies related to management and organisations have evolved through many stages over the years. Since the first break-through into the efficient operation of the organisations the management literature has changed dramatically but the aspiration always has been to find or create a system which ensures the smooth and efficient running of the organisations so that they can achieve their targets. According to the management terminology, the organisations of today are known as post fordist or post bureaucratic organisations and are said to be rational, with agreement on decisions, empowerment, team working and individual recognition. Organisational theory mentioned in the management texts is elaborated and supported by many renowned and illustrious authors of management. The aim of this essay is to enquire about the conventional image of the so called perfect or ideal organisation portrayed in the management texts by keeping in mind the reality in workplaces supported by the points discussed in the seminars and critically analysing these organisations in order to portray the image of real organisations of today and show how the situation portrayed in the texts is just a myth. The journey of events leading to the conception of post bureaucratic or post modern organisations of today has been long and complicated one. To thoroughly understand the conventional image of the organisations of today it is important for one to look back at these series of events. If examined carefully the timeline can be considered to have started from the era of Fredrick Taylor (1856-1915), the begetter of scientific management and Webers (1864-1920) theory of bureaucratic management. (Boddy, 2005) Their aim was to contrive an organisation which follows set of rules in order to attain maximum efficiency and where money was the main motivational factor for the workers. Henry Ford was one of the first entrepreneurs to have applied these theories in his organisation by introdu cing assembly line production. Along with assembly line mass production, division of labour and specialisation were the salient features of bureaucratic management. (Pugh Hickson, 2007) Scientific and bureaucratic management was followed by the Human Relation theories which were based on the Hawthorne studies. The concept which was set out in the Human relation theories was that the workers should be given a social status in the organisation environment instead of treating them as cogs in a machine. (Knight Willmott, 2007) The Hawthorne studies which were headed by Elton Mayo in fact tried to provide an environment to the workers in the organisation so that they can perform better. Then came the contingency theory which tried to carve up organisations into formal structure again trying to ensure that the organisation can perform proficiently and efficiently. (Boddy, 2005) The long and complex journey has now reached to the organisations known as post fordist. These organisations o f today believe that bureaucratic management has become outdated and regard it as dead and they themselves are completely opposite to it, but the reality seems to be different from the conventional image these organisations portray. It is important to find out why people actually work before the reality of work can be discussed. Noon and Blyton (2002) after researching concluded that people do not only work for financial reason and states this in their book, The majority of people say that they would continue to work even if there was no economic compulsion to do so, which suggests that work may also be fulfilling other needs. There exists a feeling of accomplishment which only comes from working there is also a moral obligation to work. Another question which arises here is that are people in the right line of work? According to a research carried out in UK 41% of the working population in UK is currently in the wrong job and is not satisfied by it. (BBC, 2008) So if organisatio ns of today are trying to ensure the high level of motivation and empowerment of employees and if people are willing to work for other than economic reasons and yet it is being claimed that most of the people are not satisfied with their line of work then there is something that is not right. There might be many reasons that may be resulting in this problem, but yet it cannot be denied that there is gap existing between reality and the conventional images portrayed in the management texts. An in-depth view into the bureaucratic and post bureaucratic structures and the management theory discussed above bring out that none of these organisational frameworks have been contrived to benefit the employees. These management theories are authored by people whose aim is to ensure that organisations run without any kind of hindrances. The conventional image maybe stated to motivate and empower the employees, but there is always a string attached to efficient running of the organisation whi ch is mostly the core objective for organisations. So it can be said that interests of the employees will always be superseded by the interests of the organisation and employees are just provided with a better image of bureaucracy. The post modern structures are as Grey (2009) states All this talk of a new era and new organisation forms conceals or forgets the way that such claims are recurring so that it is possible to find out, throughout organisation theory, almost identical models of future. This statement also refers to the change management which is being talked about by the new structure and which will be discussed later. In simple words, employees are being decived into working. Organisations of today are just deciving the workers to work indirectly in order to achieve thier objectives and do not care about the suffering workers go through in acheving them. Referring back to the conventional image, post bureaucratic organisations are known to be rational. According to Gre y (2009) there are two types of rationality known as instrumental rationality and substantive rationality. Substantive rationality is about doing the right things while instrumental rationality is about doing the things right way. It can be said that the post bureaucratic organisations are not morally rational but instrumentally rational. Grey (2009) in his book says that organisations today only consider instrumental rationality and also calls it organisational rationality. Organisations use instrumental rationality as veil of disguise so that they can manipulate the employees into obtaining its targets. Work holism is considered a virtue. Employees are given blackberries in many organisations around the world these days as a fringe benefit but the employees do not understand that this is in fact a way to stay in touch after the office hours. In simple words employees are made to work round the clock by making them to bring work at home for which they are even not paid. Morgan (200 6) in his book Images of Organization refers to the metaphor psychic prison where the employees are imprisoned unconsciously. Organisations today are doing the same thing, therefore we are made to work hard, accept things as they are, work hard to earn living considering it normal and the way it should be. But in reality the situation is different as Grey (2009) says we are imprisoned in an iron cage of rationality. To question these concepts or enquiring about them is considered blasphemy; whereas no one queries about the operations of organisations that do not include value judgement in their concept of rationality. Hence the lining difference can easily be viewed and identified if we put the orthodox organisational behaviour alongside the reality. Moreover, the conventional image of the current organisations as mentioned by Knights and Willmott (2007) is that they are, based on empowerment, shared responsibility, trust and personal treatment. However the reality seems to be qu ite different if viewed from a radical perspective. The existence of sweat shops in todays world where even the animals rihts are so closely monitored uncovers the shocking truth of how current organisations operate. Organisations are paying very low wages to the workers and in return making them work for shifts which are sometimes even lasting more than a day. But the truth which is even more shocking then this is that these organisations are using their powers to even control and dominate the governments of today. Pilger (2002) in his documentary and book The new rulers of the world clearly present the nature of dirty politics that organisations can play in order to gain their interests. Setting up sweat shops in Indonesia after over throwing the government clearly exemplified organisations as an instrument of domination as referred by Morgan (2006). Furthermore Perkins (2004) in his book Confessions of an economic Hitman also elaborates the tactics large organisations use which c an enable them to even take over an entire country. This might sometimes result in employee stress which can even lead to employees committing suicides, as this is what happened in the case of Renault, a leading auto-mobile manufacturer. Another important statement which post modern organisations make is that bureaucracy is now dead, it was the thing of past which is irrelevant in the todays world. However the reality check brings out something different. Bureaucracies are still as relevant as they were before. Du Gay (2000) also discuss about the relevance of bureaucracies in his book. According to Du Gay (2000) the original form of bureaucracy which was introduced by Weber is different from how bureaucracy is portrayed these days as he feels that bureaucracies have been interpreted wrongly. Du Gay (2000) elaborates that Weber introduced the bureaucracy which is a substantially ethical organisation and in its purest form it assures efficiency, but nonetheless in the organisation al world of today bureaucratic organisations still exist. Moreover, call centres providing customer service throughout the world are still not giving importance to the motivation and satisfaction level of employees which should be the focal point for how organizations of today should work. People working in the call centres are facing sexual harassment and abuses from callers, being threatened to be fired unless they met their quota and are paid low salaries. One of the employees working in a call centre confessed that, The bottom line is, this is a crap job. Its a phone factory and unless we met quota, we suffer. (https://www.weblab.org) So to conclude, this essay tried to analyse the features of the organisations of today as presented in the management text books. Organisational theory was compared with the reality of what really goes on in an organisation in order to show that the so called perfect organisations are not better than the previous models which are disregarded tod ay and organisations of today are just the extensions in disguise of the previous models. An insight was provided with the help a radical view on how the organisations of today are actually operating to benefit themselves. Arguments were presented portraying how a large number of employees working in these organisations are unmotivated and unsatisfied which are based on the philosophy of providing empowerment and employee motivation. The reality also reveals that employees are actually suffering from ill treatment and stress in the organisations of today which are pretending to exhibit the image of a perfect organisation. The essay also set forth that the organisations are being used as instrument of domination and psychic prisons inside the iron cage of rationality. Case of Renault suicides, working diaries of workers and the existence of sweat shops in Indonesia exemplified that the main concern for the organisations is not to satisfy its employees but to make them work as efficie ntly as possible.

Entrepreneurs Book Report Making Their Own American Dream - 550 Words

Entrepreneurs Book Report: Making Their Own American Dream (Book Report Sample) Content: Entrepreneurs: Making their own American DreamStudents NameInstitutional AffiliationIntroductionThe United States signed a law to control the number of immigrants who joined the country in 1986. Whereas, the Business formation is a key factor to help in the success of any enterprise, taking note of the basic factors involved is important. Valdez examines certain factors such as race, gender as well as a social class and the role they play in developing successful enterprises. The book gives detailed information about the role of structural inequality and how it relates to gender, race, and ethnicity to determine the ability of a minority entrepreneur to bring together resources that can be used in improving an enterprise. The book is based on theory and extensive research by the author based on factual findings and theoretical assumptions that help in explaining the role of race, ethnicity, and class in the success of business. The main point is how the diverse factor s affect the entrepreneur's ability to achieve the American Dream. The dream that is about the availability of equal opportunities for any American citizen to achieve a successful life by working hard in whatever they set their minds to and having the drive and determination to achieve financial independence and prosperity.Chapter 1: IntroductionBusiness formation is a key factor to help in the success of any enterprise. Taking note of the basic factors involved is important. Valdez in the first chapter examines certain factors such as race that are very important in developing successful enterprises in an attempt to achieve the American dream. She gives an example of Dona Tona and Mr. Alfaro who are all Latino Immigrants hoping to make it in the States. As Valdez (2011) states, "ethnicity has a role in facilitating business ownership through social capital, and economic resources. She continues to add that "the resources are generated by ethnic and social networks", (Valdez, 2011). The chapter aims at introducing the different factors discussed in the book relating to immigrants achieving the American dream.Chapter 2: The embedded market: race, class, and gender in American enterpriseThe issues encompassing race, class and sexual orientation in the United States have for some time been full of contention. The chapter investigates the theoretical approaches relating to embedded market. It aims to understand the structural oppression experienced by immigrants as well as the traditional ethnic paradigm in the United States relating to entrepreneurship. According to Valdez (2011), the embedded market approach maintains that the American social structure is comprised of racial grouping hierarchies." The section gives the reader a systemic view on the issues of race, class, and gender. Through the readings in this book, the author gives the reader the materials to decide for themselves and plan their particular conclusion on the issues race, class, and sexual orien tation and how it influences them in contemporary society. According to Valdez, (2011), "social capital stemming from multiple dimensions may offset structural disadvantage." These readings open the reader's eyes to the frameworks of abuse that remain and how people can be a specialist of progress to destroy unreasonable and unequal treatment towards achieving the American dream.Chapter 3: Entrepreneurial Dreams in an Intersectional ContextThe idea of 'social business enterprise' has been quickly developing in the private, open and non-benefit areas throughout the most recent couple of years, and enthusiasm for social business enterprise keeps on developing. Intersections are very influential in shaping entrepreneurial dreams for the immigrants. The entrepreneurial dreams, according to Valdez (2011), "he states that they include their motivations for and expectations of business ownership. The chapter also analyzes racial as well as group differences that influence entrepreneurship. According to Valdez, (2011), "entrepreneurs are sometimes but not always motivated by the prospect of making money." The chapter concludes by restating the ethnic entrepreneurship approach and the combination of factors that may lead ethnic minorities to engage in business activities.Chapter 4: Intersectionality market capacity and Latino enterpriseIntersectionality is characterized as the connections among different measurements of personalities and modalities of social relations. The chapter endeavors to uncover the diverse sorts of segregation and burdens that happen as an outcome of the blend of natural, economic and social characters. Intersectionality, as stated by the author could help in creating and running successful enterprises in America. Valdez, (2011) "access to social capital may help in alleviating the detrimental impact of discrimination." The chapter also examines the difficulties that lower class individual's face in their attempt to pursue the American dream. Ac cording to Valdez, (2011), "negative societal reception contexts intensify the immigrant's class disadvantage." She also examines the market concept in the embedded market and concludes by noting that an economy is normally embedded in its social relationships.Chapter 5: By what measure success? The economic and social value of Latino enterpriseThe Latino's and other immigrants have experienced a couple of challenges in their quest to succeed in business. In this chapter, Valdez explores their achievements, objectives and motivations. Moreover, the chapter also examines the meaning of success according to the immigrants. Valde's (2011), the Latino entrepreneurs define success using non-economic indicators as other things than money motivate some." Moreover, the author explores economic mobility as a measure of success for the immigrants. It also uses an entrepreneurship approach to determine the success of establishments. According to Valdez, (2011), she states that "ethnic entrepre neurship tends to minimize the social costs associated with the enterprise." Lastly, the chapter examines the economic as well as the social value for success.Chapter 6: Ethnic and racial identity formation among American entrepreneursThe exercises of ethnic personality business leaders which are regularly at first inspired by the longing to open up choices and to encourage decision among individuals instigate congruity and capacities as an instrument of social control. The section accentuates a specific subset of ethnic personality business visionaries. The chapter begins by Valdez acknowledging the existence of racial segregation in America, especially in business establishments. The oppression of minority groups such as Latinos began long ago before the beginning of modern developments. According to Valdez, (2011), "aggressive recruitment of minority during the industrial revolution and the exclusionary immigration policies such as Chinese exclusion act resembled minority segrega tion." The chapter continues to examine the deep rooting of the racial segregation of diverse communities among the American immigrants who had a dream of achieving a better life. Valdez (2011) indicates that "the racial hierarchy in the United States has a structural foundation that develops out of a racialized social system". She also notes that until now, ethnic minorities in the United States require having a racial classification to acquire a chance that may help them achieve their dreams. In this chapter, the author also acknowledges the supremacy of the white ethnic majority groups. He offers examples of immigrants such ...

Throughout The Course Of Society, Political Leaders And

Throughout the course of society, political leaders and individuals with authority have either led their followers to great success, or towards misery and tyranny. In society, great leaders have been able to not only change the landscape of the region they abide in, but ultimately change the viewpoints and understandings of individuals across the globe for the better. On the other hand, leaders with ill intentions have led their followers towards mischief and suppression of not only their physical being, but also of their mental state. In William Shakespeare’s world-renowned play Julius Caesar, Shakespeare illustrates the political, power struggle between the prodigious leader of Rome, Julius Caesar, and Brutus and his conspirators.†¦show more content†¦Through the genderbending of the UH play, the vital theme of self-exploration and equality of both genders is discovered. From the outset of the play, the audience can see that Julius Caesar is a powerful figurehead th at has gained respect from the entirety of the Roman people. This is evident when Julius denies the crown of Rome from his people three times during the Feast of Lupercal. The Roman people admire Julius to such a great extent to where they offer him leadership and control not once, or twice, but three times. By Becker portraying Julius Caesar as a female character in the coronation scene it reveals many things about gender equality. First and foremost, it shows that men and women can be equally as successful. Even though Julius Caesar was cast as a young and short woman, the charisma and supremacy exuded by the actor exceeded that of any male actor. From how she conversed with the other powerful male characters, Brutus, Antony and Cassius, to the way she carried out her mannerisms and strong will upon others, it proved that she was no individual to underestimate. In a way, both the male and female audience members felt empowered by spectating a female actor play one of the strongest male roles in Theatre history with extreme confidence and precision. Overall, the reversal of gender roles and the theme of gender empowerment helped me understand one of the play’s central messages of how the death of a respected leaderShow MoreRelatedThe Political Influence of Women676 Words   |  3 PagesWomen Exert Significant Political Influence Women have never been able to exert any significant political influence: discuss with reference to any one period of History that you have studied. Throughout history women are often seen as subservient to men. This has led to the belief that they do not have any kind of significant political influence. Based upon historical information, it is clear that these views are simply untrue. 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Classification Of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Essay

This chapter focuses on classification of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) and its main advantages. It also discusses automotive applications of PMSM Drive System, description of software hardware implementation of PMSM drive, Aims Objective of research work. It also describe the organization of thesis. In this proposition, a field arranged controlled PM engine drive framework is portrayed and investigated because of its significance in Automotive applications. A shut circle control framework with a PI controller in the rate circle has been composed. A relative investigation of PWM,SV-PWM CB-SVPWM control plans connected with current controllers has been made. At that point, the recreation of a field situated controlled PM engine drive framework is created utilizing Simulink. The reenactment circuits for PM synchronous engine, multilevel inverter, velocity and current controllers incorporate every practical part of the drive framework. Reenactment consequences of PWM,SV-PWM CB-SVPWM control plans connected with current controllers are given for three velocities of operation. 1.1 classification of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) Synchronous motors with an electrically stimulated rotor winding have a conventional three stage stator winding (called armature) and an electrically empowered field curving on the rotor, which passes on a DC current. The armature winding is similar to the stator of actuation motor. The electrically stimulated fieldShow MoreRelatedDirect Current (Dc) Motors . Student’S Name. University.1027 Words   |  5 Pages(DC) Motors Student’s Name University Course Code Date of Submission Direct Current (DC) Motors 1.0 Overview of DC Motors A Direct Current (DC) motor is a broad classification of electric motors that operate from a direct current (DC). Nearly all mechanical devices used in electric applications are powered by electric motors. Motors transform electrical energy to mechanical energy. Thus, they are essential for energy conversion in electrical machines. All types of electrical motors compriseRead MoreTypes of Dc Motors and Dc Generator2262 Words   |  10 PagesTypes of DC Motors and DC Generators MOTORS – convert electrical energy to mechanical energy Motors and generators are the most frequent used electrical machines. ⠝â€" Generators action can take place when and only when, there is a relative motion between conducting wires and magnetic lines of force. ⠝â€" Electric motor is in operation when it is supplied with electrical energy and develops torque, that is, a tendency to produce rotation. ⠝â€" In DC generator, the armature winding is mechanicallyRead MoreRenewable Resources Wind Energy Is An Important Factor For The New Era Of Power Quality1568 Words   |  7 Pageshave fast response time and controllability, they are relatively common for combination with WECS (wind energy conversion systems). So a wind diesel system is considered in this project. Recent technology, â€Å"permanent magnet type† have advantages and disadvantages. They are also discussed here. To convert the energy generated by wind generation, induction generator as it have many advantage over the other types of generators. Connection with the strong grids duringRead MoreDifferent Types Of Electric Motors Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pagesenergy, applications of electric motors are expanding widely in motor industry, and different types of electric motors are used in all kinds of applications, such as, the public transportation, electric vehicles, and mechanical fans. Because of the variety of working conditions in distinct application usages, engineers are developing various control theories to meet specific requirements based on different types of power system and motor. Generally, an electric motor is a machine which can transformRead MoreA Semi Physical Simulation Experimental Platform For The Signal Wheel Sensor1827 Words   |  8 PagesChina) Abstract The signal wheel sensor in an engine is quite important for achieving engine timing, enhancing the performances, and reducing emission. In this study, we designed a simulation teaching platform, in which the engine was replaced by a motor to realize the signal wheel sensor ’s operation according to the practical operating conditions; in addition, an engine analyzer was employed for the acquisition of output signals. The experimental results reveal that the motor’s rotational speed wasRead MoreJntuk 2-1 and 2-2 Mech Syllabus R105047 Words   |  21 Pagestypes – DC motor types – torque equation – applications – three point starter. UNIT - III TRANSFORMERS : Principle of operation of single phase transformers – emf equation – losses – efficiency and regulation UNIT - IV AC MACHINES : Principle of operation of alternators – regulation by synchronous impedance method – Principle of operation of inducti on motor – slip – torque characteristics – applications. UNIT - V INSTRUMENTS : Basic Principle of indicating instruments – permanent magnet moving coil

The Big Five Personality Theory - 1186 Words

Psychology refers to the study of the human mind, behaviors associated with it and the humanistic behavior of man in any given context. The primary goal of psychology is to gain a true knowledge and understanding of how and why individuals of all ages and genders behave the way they do. A popular worldwide theory is called The Big Five Personality Theory. This world-renowned theory of understanding ones personality traits has been revolutionary towards understanding the minds of people all over the world and from all backgrounds. The Big Five Personality Theory is based on five main traits which include neuroticism, agreeableness, extroversion, openness and conscientiousness. These five traits are necessary as they make up ones personality composition. These five â€Å"big† personality traits are often referred to using the acronym â€Å"OCEAN†. (Measuring, 2015) For decades, people have tried to determine how many personality traits actually exist and can be recorded. No matter the speculation, the big five (neuroticism, agreeableness, extroversion, openness and conscientiousness) remain concrete. Extroversion is a trait that has broad scope due to its predominantly social aspect. Individuals, who are categorized as extroverts, often are viewed as being very talkative and more concerned with the environment around them rather than with their own thoughts, feelings, and personal environment. People who fall low on the extroversion scale are considered introverts, the counterpart toShow MoreRelatedBig Five Theory Of Personality Traits955 Words   |  4 PagesAmong the many established trait theories, the most widely known and used is the Big Five Theory of Personality Traits. It is a five-factor model composed of the broad personality traits of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. There are a variety of ways to assess one’s broad dimensions of personality in these five categories. 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According to each team member the results of the test wouldRead MoreDispositional Vs Biological Theory Essay990 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Dispositional vs. Biological Theory Sarah Quincey PSY 405 September 15, 2014 Leslie Binnix Dispositional vs. Biological Theory Dispositional personality theories are quite different from biological personality theories. The two will be compared and dissected in this article. The Big Five Personality Test will also be analyzed and how it is used to study personality will be examined. Dispositional personality theories contend that each person per certain stable, long lasting dispositions.Read MoreEssay on Cattells Big Five Factors997 Words   |  4 PagesCattells Big Five Factors Cattell’s Big Five Factors of Personality, Behavioral Genetics, and Evolutionary Personality Theory. Current Research Raymond Cattell (1905-present) designed the â€Å"Big five Factors of Personality†, in which five classifications are revealed. Big Five factors: #1 extraversion vs. introversion, #2 agreeableness vs. antagonism, #3 conscientiousness vs. undirected ness, #4 neuroticism vs. emotional stability, and #5 openness to experience vs. not open to experience

Real Future Accounting, By Michael Kummer - 945 Words

Real Future Accounting, founded by Michael Kummer April 2014, is a new accounting firm located at 5268 Canal Drive in Kennewick Washington. We are Open Monday thru Friday, 8am-8pm. Our professional accountants are standing by, ready to answer any questions that you may have, or to perform any services that you may require. You may also contact us at +1 (509) 555-2525/5252 or through our web page, www.RealFutureAccounting.com. Our mission statement is to ensure that our clients prosper while receiving professional services. We strive to keep our clients informed on any new advances in technology in regards to their finances, such as new apps, or finance software that they can use from their home computers. We, at Real Future Accounting, are here to provide our clients with the most professional accountants, and the most accurate accounting services. All of our accountants are CPA certified, well experienced and can answer any questions that you have. We have many specialized accountan ts, dealing with matters such as taxes and bookkeeping. Furthermore, we provide consulting services for businesses or for individuals. Filling your own taxes can be a nightmare, and hiring an accountant can be difficult and costly. However, our tax accountants can prepare your federal, state, and local tax returns quickly, and at an affordable cost. Also, they will ensure that your taxes get done right, allowing them to maximize your return. Apart from filing your taxes, we can also help you

SNP/CGH Microarray Based Genomic Testing in Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Question: Describe about the SNP/CGH Microarray Based Genomic Testing in Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Answer: Introduction: Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a progressive disease characterised by ineffective haematopoiesis, peripheral blood cytopenias, abnormal cellular morphology and variable risk of progression to acute leukaemia. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are the clonal disorders of an immature hematopoietic progenitor cell. MDS hematopoiesis is categorised by irregular progenitor proliferation and impaired cellular differentiation and maturation. As a result, the bulk of MDS patients have a plodding evolution in the direction of progressive bone marrow failure and leukemic transformation. The hard work made by numerous research assemblies during past few years have assisted to unknot the complex that forms the fundamentals of the pathogenesis of MDS. In this review, we will focus on the major molecular abnormalities and cytogenetic involved in MDS beginning and disease development. Moreover, we will deliberate the impact of the marrow microenvironment on proliferation and survival of hematopoie tic progenitors in MDS. It is one of the commonest haematological disorders worldwide accounting for 1.3% of all cancers in New Zealand [31]. Approximately 86-87% cases of MDS in Australia and New Zealand were reported to be diagnosed in individuals of above 60 years of age [31]. The MDS pathogenesis is not understood very well but as being a neoplasm, it involves the accumulative acquisition of oncogenic driver mutations. MDS is generally considered a clonal process that is thought to develop from a single transformed hematopoietic progenitor cell [47]. The recent improvement in the detection of recurring chromosomal abnormalities and mutations has provided better understanding of the pathogenesis of MDS. The investigation gone through the Three decades into the pathophysiology of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have established the heterogenicity of MDS and emphasised the intricacy in disease biology. Recent improvements in technology have yielded stimulating observations. The aim and objective of this review is to assimilate laboratory and clinical findings into a functioning hypothesis for the advancement of idiopathic MDS, distinguish idiopathic MDS from SAA, and propose latest therapeutic strategies. Understanding of data from MDS studies still remains challenging. Without a dependable disease marker, here can be a questions about the exactness of an MDS analysis. Supplementary problems ascend the minute patients with incongruent biologies are made compared. Patients who are possessing MDS may have noticeable single or multiple clonal chromosomal variations at the time of analysis or gain them later through the course of the disease which may pave the way of transformation into acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Simple chromosome changes may involve a numerical change which may be monosomy or trisomy, a structural abnormality like inversion and interstitial deletion that involve only one chromosome and very rarely a balanced translocation which involve two chromosomes. Complex karyotyping with multiple abnormalities approximately more three can also be detected in advanced cases [29]. A large MDS series of 1029 patients was studied by Pozdnyakova and his colleagues, found 44% of cases with MDS to have clonal cytogenetic abnormalities evident by standard metaphase karyotyping at diagnosis [33] [29]. Del(5q) was the most common and seen in 18% of cases followed by complex karyotype in 6% of cases. Trisomy 8 and Del(20q) were present in 4%, and 3%, respectively [29]. Trisomy 8 increases the risk of leukemic transformation which is predominant in male and causes oral ulceration. Loss of the Y chromosome is known to be one of the good prognostic markers in MDS, however, it is generally thought to be an age related phenomenon [46]. The analysis of MDS relies mainly on the detection of clonal genetic abnormalities in the appropriate clinical context as well as the identification of significant morphological dysplasia on peripheral blood film and/or bone marrow. There are certain cytogenetic abnormalities considered as a presumptive evidence of MDS even in the absence of morphological dysplasia. The presence of these specific cytogenetic abnormalities confirms the MDS diagnosis in cases with absent or very little morphologic dysplasia. Similarly, the diagnosis of AML can sometimes be established in the presence of certain cytogenetic abnormalities regardless of blast count. An amazing development in the understanding of the leukemogenesisis made conceivable by the methodological improvements in the cytogenetic field. The cytogenetic irregularities that have usually provided the molecular basis for the finding of the genes that are engaged into the mechanism of the leukemogenesis. Numerous study illustrates that t he cytogenetic turned out is one of the most significant prognostic factor and so it was integrated into the statistical model which aims for the improvement of the forecast the procedures of the individual prognosis. The identification of clonal chromosomal abnormalities is not only important in establishing the MDS diagnosis but also aids in the classification of MDS, prognostic stratification and treatment planning [33], [14]. The impact of cytogenetics is clearly demonstrated in its role in determining the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS). The conventional metaphase cytogenetics is the standard genetic test routinely performed in evaluating MDS cases in most laboratories. Sometime the traditional cytogenetic analysis and routine chromosome analysis is mentioned to as karyotyping. These kinds of studies are used to identify numerical and structural chromosome irregularities in metaphase cells. Routine chromosome analyses involves sterile viable tissue samples. The removal of the long arm of the chromosome 5, del (5q) is the most frequently occurring chromosomal abnormalities found in the patient diagnosed with MDS. The lenalidomide developed as the effective targeted therapy for the little and intermediate risk of MDS with a del 5(q) has increased the importance of karyotyping in disease management. This test has a number of limitations including the low resolution and the need for high quality metaphases and cell division within the abnormal cells. In view of those limitations, new methodology with much higher resoluti on such as Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarray analysis were incorporated in the evaluation of MDS cases. Genomic Micro-Array Studies: The main principle present behind the microarrays is the hybridization between two strands of DNA , the property by which complementary sequences of the nucleic acid exactly pairs with complementary nucleotide bases by forming hydrogen bonds among each other. A large number of complementary base pairs in a nucleotide sequence means more tight non-covalent bonding among the two strands. Subsequently washing off non-specific bonding sequences, only toughly paired strands will remain hybridized. Fluorescently labeled target sequences which bind to a probe sequence will help to produce a signal which is dependent on the hybridization circumstances (such as temperature), and perform washing after the hybridization. The total strong point of the signal, from a spot (feature), rest on the quantity of target sample binded to the probes that are present on the spot. The Microarrays uses comparative quantitation in which the intensity of a feature is compared to the intensity of the same featu re under several different condition, and the distinctiveness of the feature is recognised by its situation. Both SNP and CGH array are basically high resolution DNA microarray tools that can detect genomic gains or deletions associated with copy number changes down to a level of 5 KB of DNA [28], [30]. SNP arrays however have the additional advantage of its ability to detect copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH) or uniparental disomy (UPD). The basic components of SNP and CGH arrays include: DNA hybridization of immobilized allele -specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes with target DNA sequences labelled with florescent dyes [7]. ASO probes are generally designed and selected from a representative pool of healthy individuals [7]. The use of fluorescence microscopy and a solid surface DNA capture system that picks up and interprets hybridization signals [35] [7]. The differences in the fluorescence intensities reflects copy numbers changes in DNA sequences. This indicates the presence of either loss or a gain mutation. Despite of the high resolution of SNP/CGH microarray analysis, it has important limitations. Those limitations are: Inability to detect genomic abnormalities that do not result in copy number changes such as balanced translocations. Inability to detect genomic abnormalities in the settings of small clone sizes. Microarray analysis in MDS: Mohamedali study showed that the use of SNP microarray analysis in MDS cases resulted in a much higher detection rate of genomic abnormalities up to 75% compared to 50% using conventional metaphase cytogenetics alone. Some of these detected cryptic genomic lesions were shown to have prognostic implications [22]. Essentially similar results were demonstrated in Tius study of 430 patients with MDS disorders. It concluded that combining both the metaphase cytogenetics and SNP array together led to a higher diagnostic yield of chromosomal defects (74% vs 44%, P .0001), compared metaphase cytogenetics alone [40, 41 42]. It also demonstrated that some of the newly detected SNP array defects contributed to poorer prognosis. Some of these new SNP array detected chromosomal lesions were independent predictors of overall and event-free survival [41]. Both Heinrichs and Volkert studies evaluated the use of SNP/CGH microarray on MDS cases with normal metaphase cytogenetics [16, 43]. In both studies the SNP/CGH microarray detected cryptic genomic lesions in 11-15% of cases respectively [16, 43]. Heinrichs study showed that most of these genetic lesions resulted from segmental uniparental disomies (UPD). The study also showed that UPD affecting chromosome 7q are associated with a progressive course and worse outcome regardless of their low-risk International Prognostic Scoring System score [16]. In Volkert study, the majority of CGH array identified genetic lesions were sub-microscopic copy number changes (4% gains and 7% losses) [43]. Compared to sub-microscopic gains, more than half of the sub-microscopic deletions were recurrent and involved the genes TET2, DNMT3A, ETV6, NF1, RUNX1 and STAG2 [43]. The presence of sub-microscopic deletions was associated with lower overall survival rates compared to those without deletions [43]. SNP/ CGH microarray analysis with its superb resolution in detecting genomic abnormalities resulting from copy number changes, is expected to be particularly useful in MDS. This is supported by two factors; firstly, the fact that the vast majority of cytogenetic abnormalities in MDS are characterised by copy number changes and secondly, because balanced translocations are not common in MDS. Overall SNP/CGH microarray analysis appears to be a good complementary method to conventional metaphase cytogenetics analysis in MDS cases, with its own unique prognostic information The use of SNP/CGH microarray analysis in MDS related disorders has been evaluated in this study by comparing its results with standard metaphase cytogenetics. AIM: The overall objective of this study is to demonstrate the ability of SNP/CGH microarray in 1- Improving the diagnostic yield of suspected MDS cases by detecting clonal genetic lesions in cases with either normal or non-informative conventional metaphase cytogenetics. 2- Providing higher resolution genetic testing capable of accurately guiding both prognostic stratification scoring system and therapy. 3- Providing early detection of micro genetic abnormalities that can potentially be associated with a progressive course and hence prioritising early bone marrow transplant therapy in transplant eligible patients. 4- Effectively replacing or complementing the conventional metaphase cytogenetic testing in our local practice in evaluating MDS cases. Methodology: We hypothesized that the combination of standard metaphase cytogenetics and SNP/CGH microarray could potentially enhance both the diagnosis and prognostic stratification of MDS related disorders. We also evaluated the possibility that MDS cases with either normal or non-informative metaphase cytogenetics could potentially harbour cryptic chromosomal lesions with possible prognostic implications that can only be detected by SNP/CGH microarray analysis. A total of 28 cases (14 women and 14 men) with a mean age of 68.4 years (range 2287 years) were included in the study. Out of those 28 cases, A total 17/28 cases including 15 cases with normal metaphase cytogenetics and 2 cases with failed metaphase cytogenetics were randomly selected for the study (Table 1a). A total of 11/28 cases with previously detected genetic abnormalities by metaphase cytogenetics were preselected for the study. Those 11 cases have wide range of chromosomal abnormalities ranging from simple numerical changes (ie, monosomy or trisomy), structural chromosomal abnormalities such as interstitial deletion, translocation involving two chromosomes and complex karyotypes with multiple abnormalities. The 28 cases included in the study are 18 cases of confirmed MDS, five suspected cases of MDS with borderline morphologic dysplasia, three cases of AML with myelodysplasia related changes, one case of Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) and one case of Myelodysplastic syndrome / Myeloproliferative neoplasm overlap unclassifiable (MDS/MPN u) (Table 1b). According to the bone marrow morphological assessment and the WHO classification, the cohort comprised of the following MDS subtypes: refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia (RCMD, n=7), refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia with ring sideroblasts (RCMD-RS, n=3), refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS, n=4), refractory anaemia (RA, n=1), refractory anaemia with excess blasts ( RAEB-1, n=1; RAEB-2:n=1). All cases had their bone marrow samples submitted to our regional laboratory within the period from March 2014 to April 2016 for evaluation of cytopenias and/or clinical suspicion of MDS related disorders. The cytomorphological examination and assessment was performed in Auckland regional laboratory and MDS diagnosis reported according the world health organisation (WHO) Classification criteria 2008. Samples were also referred to IGENZ laboratory for further cytogenetic testing. These laboratories are IANZ accredited. Metaphase cytogenetic analysis was carried out on marrow samples according to standard methods. Chromosome preparations were G-banded using trypsin and Giemsa (GTG) and karyotypes were reported according to the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN). SNP/CGH microarray analysis was performed using an Agilent 8 x 60K SUREPRINT G3 custom CGH/SNP array platform according to the manufacturer instructions and with a practical resolution of ~180kb. Data was analysed using Agilent Cytogenomic Software v3.0 using human genomic build 19. The sample was hybridised against a commercially produced reference DNA obtained from Agilent. The research project has been registered and approved by the local Middlemore hospital research office and adhered to the national HDEC guidelines where formal ethics approval was deemed not required. The study cohort was subdivided in to two main groups (Group A Group B) and one small group (Group C). Group A included the randomly selected 15 cases with normal karyotype by conventional metaphase cytogenetics analysis. Group B included the preselected eleven cases with wide range of chromosomal abnormalities detected by metaphase cytogenetics. Group C however is comprised of two cases with failed conventional metaphase cytogenetics. The detection rate of genomic abnormalities was compared between metaphase cytogenetics analysis and SNP/CGH microarray analysis across the three groups. Further analysis including IPSS scores, survival data and disease outcome was performed on the 18 cases with confirmed MDS diagnosis. The standard metaphase cytogenetics based IPSS scores were compared to the SNP/CGH microarray based IPSS scores. (Table 2). Table 1a. Result showing the Standard metaphase cytogenetic and SNP/CGH microarray analysis of 28 patients Case # AGE Gender Diagnosis Metaphase cytogenetics SNP/CGH microarray 1 70 Male AML-with-MDS-related-changes Normal Normal 2 73 Male AML-with-MDS-related-changes Normal Normal 3 78 Female RARS Normal Normal 4 80 Female RCMD -20 dic (17;20) 5 72 Male RAEB-2 -7 -7 6 52 Female MDS/MPN-unclassifiable Complex Complex 7 76 Male RCMD-RS Del(20q)+t(4;7) Del(20q) 8 78 Female RCMD Del(20q) Del(20q) 9 82 Male Possible MDS -y -y 10 58 Female RCMD+RS Normal Normal 11 67 Female Possible MDS Normal Normal 12 83 Female RCMD Normal Normal 13 87 Female RCMD and Myeloma Normal Del(20q) 14 73 Female RARS Normal Normal 15 22 Male RCMD Normal Normal 16 53 Female Hypoplastic MDS and Myeloma Normal Del(13q) 17 71 Male Possible MDS +20 Normal 18 72 Male AML-with-MDS-related-changes Complex Complex 19 72 Male RARS karyotype-failed -y 20 34 Female Possible MDS karyotype-failed Normal 21 74 Male RAEB-1 Complex Complex+additional 22 77 Male RARS Normal Complex 23 78 Female RCMD Del(20q) Del(20q) 24 56 Female RA Normal Normal 25 79 Male Possible MDS Normal Del(5q13.2) 26 75 Male CMML2 Normal Del(17q11.2) 27 65 Male RCMD+RS Normal Normal 28 57 Female RCMD Del(7q) Complex (including Del(7q) RCMD = refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia, RCMD-RS = refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia with ring sideroblasts. RARS = refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts, RA = refractory anaemia, RAEB-1 or 2 = refractory anaemia with excess blasts 1 or 2. Results: The SNP/CGH microarray analysis results were compared with metaphase cytogenetics in the three groups. Table1a(i). Results which are considered in Group A Case # AGE Gender Diagnosis Metaphase cytogenetics SNP/CGH microarray 1 70 Male AML-with-MDS-related-changes Normal Normal 2 73 Male AML-with-MDS-related-changes Normal Normal 3 78 Female RARS Normal Normal 10 58 Female RCMD+RS Normal Normal 11 67 Female Possible MDS Normal Normal 12 83 Female RCMD Normal Normal 13 87 Female RCMD and Myeloma Normal Del(20q) 14 73 Female RARS Normal Normal 15 22 Male RCMD Normal Normal 16 53 Female Hypoplastic MDS and Myeloma Normal Del(13q) 22 77 Male RARS Normal Complex 24 56 Female RA Normal Normal 25 79 Male Possible MDS Normal Del(5q13.2) 26 75 Male CMML2 Normal Del(17q11.2) 27 65 Male RCMD+RS Normal Normal In group A there are 15 cases with normal metaphase cytogenetics but SNP/CGH microarray analysis was able to detect a wide spectrum of cryptic genomic abnormalities in 5 cases out of 15 cases that I one third of cases. Among those five cases, there is only one case with a very little morphological dysplasia and the rest of the four cases had a confirmed MDS diagnosis with significant morphological dysplasia. Those five cases with only positive SNP/CGH microarray findings are: 1) CMML case where SNP/CGH microarray analysis detected a 521 kb loss in the long arm of chromosome 17 [Del(17q11.2)]. 2) A case of suspected MDS with borderline dysplasia. The SNP/CGH microarray detected Del(5q13.2) characterised by a 2.2 Mb deletion in the long arm of chromosome 5. 3) A case of confirmed MDS diagnosis WHO subtype RARS, the SNP/CGH microarray detected complex cytogenetics abnormalities (5p+, 19q+, 21q+) in the form of three small chromosomal gains in 5p13.3-p15.1, 19q13.2-q13.3 and 21q21.1-q21.2. 4) A case of Hypoplastic MDS and myeloma, the SNP/CGH microarray detected Del(13q) characterised by 30Mb deletion in the long arm of chromosome 13 at band q21.31 - q31.3. 5) A case with established MDS and RCMD WHO subtype, the SNP/CGH array identified the presence of Del(20q). Table1a(ii). Results which are considered in Group B Case # AGE Gender Diagnosis Metaphase cytogenetics SNP/CGH microarray 4 80 Female RCMD -20 dic (17;20) 5 72 Male RAEB-2 -7 -7 6 52 Female MDS/MPN-unclassifiable Complex Complex 7 76 Male RCMD-RS Del(20q)+t(4;7) Del(20q) 8 78 Female RCMD Del(20q) Del(20q) 9 82 Male Possible MDS -y -y 17 71 Male Possible MDS +20 Normal 18 72 Male AML-with-MDS-related-changes Complex Complex 21 74 Male RAEB-1 Complex Complex+additional 23 78 Female RCMD Del(20q) Del(20q) 28 57 Female RCMD Del(7q) Complex (including Del(7q) In group B there were 11 cases with already established chromosomal abnormalities by metaphase cytogenetics. However, the SNP/CGH microarray showed a wide spectrum of findings that correlated quite well with most of the already established metaphase cytogenetics results. However, the microarray managed to reveal additional significant cryptic genomic abnormalities in three out of the eleven cases (27.2%) that were not apparent by metaphase cytogenetics. Some of those additional SNP/CGH array abnormalities have shown significant prognostic implication. On the other hand, metaphase cytogenetics were superior to SNP/CGH microarray in two out of the eleven cases (18.2%), where the SNP/CGH microarray failed to detect some of the already established chromosomal abnormalities by metaphase cytogenetics. The three cases where the SNP/CGH microarray detected additional genetic abnormalities are: 80-year-old female with confirmed diagnosis of MDS WHO subtype refractory cytopenia with multiline age dysplasia (RCMD) and presented with moderate anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Conventional metaphase cytogenetics identified -20 as a sole cytogenetic abnormality. The SNP/CGH microarray analysis however revealed a serious cryptic genomic abnormality, dic(17;20) with both 17p and 20q deletions. 74-year-old male with a confirmed diagnosis of MDS WHO subtype refractory anaemia with excess blast -1 (RAEB-1). Metaphase cytogenetics analysis established a complex karyotype (+19, Del(20q), +21). The SNP/CGH microarray however confirmed the complex abnormalities with an additional abnormality of +8. A 57-year-old female with established diagnosis of MDS, WHO subtype RCMD. She presented with moderate anaemia and neutropenia. Metaphase cytogenetics analysis revealed Del (7q) only. The SNP/CGH microarray analysis however confirmed the presence of Del(7q) and showed two additional cryptic genomic lesions; Del(7p) and gain of 21. This confirmed the presence of complex cytogenetics. The two cases with higher detection of chromosomal lesions by metaphase cytogenetics than SNP/CGH microarray analysis are: 71-year-old male with suspected diagnosis of MDS and borderline dysplasia. Initial conventional metaphase cytogenetic revealed the presence of trisomy 20. The SNP/CGH microarray analysis failed to detect the trisomy 20. 76-Year-old male with confirmed diagnosis of MDS WHO subtype refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia and ring sideroblast (RCMD+RS). Conventional metaphase cytogenetics identified the presence of two clonal abnormalities; t(4;7) and Del(20q). The SNP+CGH microarray analysis was able to accurately detect the presence of Del(20q) but failed to identify the presence of t(4;7). Table1a(iii). Results which are considered in Group C Case # AGE Gender Diagnosis Metaphase cytogenetics SNP/CGH microarray 19 72 Male RARS karyotype-failed -y 20 34 Female Possible MDS karyotype-failed Normal The group C consist of two cases with failed metaphase cytogenetics analysis and the SNP/CGH microarray detected Y chromosome in the first case of 72-year-old male with established morphologic diagnosis of MDS and RARS subtype. The second case is a suspected MDS case and the SNP/CGH microarray did not reveal any genomic abnormality. Table 1b. Frequency and Percentage of diseases Frequency Percent AML-with-MDS-related-changes 3 10.7 CMML2 1 3.6 Hypoplastic MDS 1 3.6 MDS/MPN-unclassifiable 1 3.6 Possible MDS 5 17.9 RA 1 3.6 RAEB-1 1 3.6 RAEB-2 1 3.6 RARS 4 14.3 RCMD 7 25.0 RCMD+RS 3 10.7 Total 28 100.0 AML= acute myeloid leukaemia, CMML2 = chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia2, MDS, MDS = myelodysplastic syndrome, RCMD = refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia, RCMD-RS = refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia with ring sideroblasts. RARS = refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts, RA = refractory anaemia, RAEB-1 or 2 = refractory anaemia with excess blasts 1 or 2. Table 2. Result showing IPSS score analysis of 18 cases Diagnosis (MDS subtype) Metaphase cytogenetics Microarray Metaphase cytogenetics based IPSS score Microarray based IPSS score Patient outcome. Survival in months Time to transformation to AML. RARS Normal Normal 0.0 (Low) 0.0 (Low) Alive 23M No transformation RCMD -20 Dic(17;20) 0.5 (INT-1) 0.5 (INT-1) Dead 14M 11 M RAEB-2 -7 -7 2.5 (High) 2.5 (High) Dead 28M 2M RCMD+rs Del(20q), t(4;7) Del(20q) 0.5 (INT-1) 0.0 (Low) Alive 29M No transformation RCMD Del(20q) Del(20q) 0.0 (Low) 0.0 (low) Alive 20M No Transformation RCMD+rs Normal Normal 0.0 (Low) 0.0 (Low) Alive 5M No Transformation RCMD Normal Normal 0.0 (Low) 0.0 (Low) Alive 22M No Transformation RCMD Normal Del(20q) 0.0 (Low) 0.0 (Low) Alive 34M No Transformation RARS Normal Normal 0.0 (Low) 0.0 (Low) Alive 15M No Transformation RCMD Normal Normal 0.0 (Low) 0.0 (Low) Alive 24M No Transformation Hypoplastic MDS Normal Del(13q) 0.0 (Low) 0.0 (Low) Alive 24M No Transformation RARS Failed -Y - 0.0 (Low) Alive 9M No Transformation RAEB-1 Complex Complex + Additional 1.5 (INT-2) 1.5 (INT-2) Alive 31M No Transformation RARS Normal Complex (undetermined clinical significance) 0.0 (Low) 0.0 (Low) Alive 29M No Transformation RCMD Del(20q) Del(20q) 0.0 (Low) 0.0 (Low) Alive 20M No Transformation RA Normal Normal 0.0 (Low) 0.0 (Low) Alive 276M No Transformation RCMD+rs Normal Normal 0.0 (Low) 0.0 (Low) Alive 3M No Transformation RCMD Del(7q) Complex 1.5 (INT-2) 1.5 (INT-2) Alive 2M No Transformation. AML= acute myeloid leukaemia, MDS = myelodysplastic syndrome, RCMD = refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia, RCMD-RS = refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia with ring sideroblasts. RARS = refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts, RA = refractory anaemia, RAEB-1 or 2 = refractory anaemia with excess blasts 1 or 2. M= month, IPSS= international prognostic scoring system, INT-1 or 2 Intermediate 1 or 2. The IPSS score analysis on the 18 cases with confirmed MDS cases diagnosis showed that the microarray based IPSS scores correlated quite well with conventional metaphase cytogenetics based IPSS scores. In a total of 7/18 cases, the SNP/CGH microarray detected more genomic abnormalities than metaphase cytogenetics. In all of these 7/18 cases with newly microarray detected additional genomic abnormalities, there has been no change in the IPSS score following the microarray compared to the conventional metaphase cytogenetics based IPSS score. On the other hand the metaphase cytogenetics was superior to microarray in one case with confirmed MDS diagnosis (1/18), where the Array failed to identify the balanced translocation t(4;7). This resulted in the case being inappropriately categorised into a lower risk category with the microarray based IPSS score of 0.0, compared to standard metaphase cytogenetics based IPSS score of 0.5 consistent with Intermediate-1 risk category. The 18 cases with confirmed MDS diagnosis have a median survival 22.5 months from time of diagnosis (range 2-276 months). Two cases progressed into AML and died, while the rest of the 16 cases are still alive with no transformation to AML . Discussion: The application of SNP/CGH microarray analysis has the potential to greatly enhance the diagnostic and prognostic stratification processes for MDS cases especially when conventional metaphase cytogenetics is not informative. In group A 15 cases were found with normal metaphase cytogenetics, the SNP/CGH microarray analysis was able to detect cryptic chromosomal lesions in 5 cases put of 15 that means 33.3% of cases were having normal standard metaphase cytogenetics. This can be attributed to the higher resolution of SNP/CGH microarray analysis and the ability to reliably detect sub-microscopic chromosomal lesions. Relatively similar results have been demonstrated in other studies such as in Volkert study where the microarray identified copy number changes in 11% of total 520 MDS cases with confirmed normal karyotyping by metaphase cytogenetics [43]. Similarly, Mohamedali showed SNP array detected 10% cytogenetically cryptic deletions and 8% gains in low-risk MDS cases [22]. Our result of 33.3% is slightly higher than those studies, this can be attributed to sample size differences and also to patient selection. Those microarray identified chromosomal abnormalities are; Del(20q), Del(5q13.2), Del(17q11.2), complex (5p+, 19q+, 21q+) and Del(13q). Some of them helped determining the exact underlying gene mutation as Del(17q11.2) in the CMML-2 case where a 521 kb loss was identified in the long arm of chromosome 17. This abnormality had been previously described by Kolquist and thought to be encompassing NF1 tumour suppressor gene which has a possible role as a negative regulator of the RAS pathway [18]. This gene has also been shown to have some prognostic implications as per Franks study showing relatively increased incidence of NF1 mutation as the MDS disease progresses to acute leukaemia [34]. This was particularly relevant in our case as the patient had a relatively high risk CMML-2 with high blast count. The detection of Del(5q13.2) in a suspected case of MDS with borderline dysplasia also supports the hypothesis of enhanced diagnostic yield of SNP/CGH microarray analysis in suspected MDS cases with normal metaphase cytogenetics. This chromosomal lesion is different from the common 5q- and has been reported to be related to the gene RAD17 which have been previously identified in MDS by Starczynowski and others [36]. This clonal abnormality however will support the diagnosis of either MDS or clonal cytopenia of undetermined significance in the right clinical context. The detection of Del(20q) by the microarray in the case with established MDS diagnosis, will help in supporting the MDS diagnosis, given that it is very well known to be MDS related. The new identified microarray complex cytogenetics abnormalities; (5p+, 19q+, 21q+) and Del(13q) are not known to be specifically MDS related lesion. However, they may well indicate clonality and further support the MDS diagnosis in the right clinical context. Overall, it is worth highlighting the diagnostic yield of the SNP/CGH microarray as it helped in supporting the diagnosis of either MDS or Clonal Cytopenia of Undetermined Significance (CCUS) in 5/15 cases (33.3%) by detecting either known MDS cytogenetic abnormalities or clonal lesions. In group C (the two cases with failed metaphase cytogenetics analysis), SNP/CGH microarray however was normal in the case with inconclusive MDS diagnosis and only detected Y in the other established case of MDS. Given that Y may not be considered as a clonal abnormality in the elderly the utility of SNP/CGH array has not been accurately analysed in this context. A study by Arenillas showed that SNP array was able to detect cytogenetic abnormalities in 50% patients with failed metaphase cytogenetics. It also demonstrated some prognostic implications related to copy number alterations detected by the array [2]. In the Group B results it was found that 11 cases with already established chromosomal abnormalities by metaphase cytogenetics. The SNP/CGH microarray analysis showed good correlation characterised by the detection of majority of chromosomal abnormalities identified by standard metaphase cytogenetics. It also managed to reveal additional cryptic genomic lesion in 3 cases out of 11 cases which is 27.2% of the total cases. Some of those novel SNP/CGH array additionally identified genomic lesions s were noted to have major prognostic implications. This has been demonstrated clearly in the case of the 80-year-old lady with an established diagnosis of MDS RCMD subtype. Her conventional metaphase cytogenetics identified monosomy 20 as a sole cytogenetic abnormality and as a result of that her case had been categorised into the intermediate-1 risk category according to standard IPSS scoring system. Subsequent the SNP/CGH microarray analysis however revealed a seriously hidden cryptic genomic abnormality characterised by unbalanced dicentric (17;20), resulting in loss of 17p (including TP53) and 20q. Although dic(17;20) is a rare abnormality it has been reported in MDS cases by Tirado and Campbell and has been shown to be associated with disease progression and worse outcome [39]. Moreover, the SNP/CGH microarray in this case has also suggested the presence of TP53 mutation which is one of the known mutations associated with MDS and AML. The presence of this mutation has been shown to be of great clinical significance and associated with poor survival even after bone marrow transplant [4,5,6 11]. Some studies also showed that TP53 mutations have a major and unique prognostic value independent of the current IPSS score system for patients with MDS. [4,6 17]. This was consistent with our patients progressive course with early transformation to acute leukaemia in 11 months time. The Array results however did not lead to change in the IPSS score for this patient. This will support the hypothesis that large-scale genetic and molecular profiling is needed for further sub-classification and prognostic stratification in MDS patients [15]. The other two cases with the SNP/CGH microarray showing additional clonal chromosomal lesions, have already confirmed MDS diagnosis at the high risk category based on the metaphase cytogenetics based IPSS score. The additional clonal abnormalities identified by the SNP/CGH microarray however in those cases did not indicate significant change in the disease outcome or prognostic risk stratification. The combined SNP+CGH microarray analysis however did not identify a couple of chromosomal lesions previously detected by metaphase cytogenetics analysis in 2/11 (18%) of cases with abnormal karyotype. In one case due to low level of the abnormal clone of 10%, the SNP/CGH microarray was unable to detect the presence of trisomy 20. This is one of the known limitation of SNP/CGH microarray analysis in detecting low clone size less than 30%. Given that microarray was reported as normal in this particular case, this could potentially lead to a reduction on its diagnostic yield. The array result in this case did not result in change in the IPSS score, given that trisomy 20 is one of the low risk clonal genetic abnormality. In the second case the SNP/CGH microarray analysis failed to detect the presence of a likely balanced translocation t(4;7), however it managed to detect the presence of Del(20q). This can be explained by the known limitation of the SNP/CGH microarray analysis in detectin g balanced translocations. This could potentially lead to inappropriately stratifying the patient into a lower risk group, if karyotyping has not been performed. The IPSS score analysis on the 18 cases with confirmed MDS cases showed that the Array based IPSS scores correlated quite well with the conventional karyotyping based IPSS score (Table 3). There has been no significant change in IPSS score following the SNP/CGH microarray in the 7/18 cases with higher detection of genomic abnormalities by the SNP/CGH microarray compared to conventional metaphase cytogenetics. This could possibly be explained by three factors: 1) The fact that some of these SNP/CGH microarray detected genomic lesions were of not known to be MDS related such as Del(13q) and (5p+, 19q+, 21q+). As a result of that those newly detected genomic lesions are not included in the standard IPSS score assessment. 2) Despite of the SNP/CGH microarray ability to detect certain poor prognostic genetic mutations, most of these mutations act as an independent risk factor regardless of the IPSS score. 3) Those Array identified good prognostic chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. Del(20q) and -Y) were mostly detected in the low risk group with already established low standard metaphase cytogenetics based IPSS score. On the other hand, the SNP/CGH microarray identified poor prognostic genomic abnormalities were also mostly detected in high risk group with already high IPSS score based on conventional metaphase cytogenetics. This has resulted in the IPSS score to essentially remain unchanged following the SNP/CGH microarray analysis results. Overall in this small study the conventional metaphase cytogenetic appears to be slightly better than the microarray analysis in guiding the IPSS scoring system. This was particularly demonstrated in the case with the balanced translocation t(4;7) missed by the SNP/CGH microarray. There is no enough follow up period to reliably assess the presence of survival differences among the group with new or additional microarray identified genomic abnormalities. However, only one case with unique cryptic genomic abnormalities detected only by the array demonstrated progressive course with early transformation to AML and death. This case showed that certain genomic abnormalities (Del(17p) /TP53 gene mutation) have extremely poor prognosis independent of the IPSS score. This is consistent with other studies by Bejar and Horiike [4,5, 6 17]. Conclusion: This pilot study has demonstrated that the combination of SNP/CGH microarray and conventional G banding analysis enhances the diagnostic yield and provides additional prognostic information in the assessment of MDS cases. The SNP/CGH microarray analysis was able to detect some cryptic genomic lesions which are of utmost clinical and prognostic significance. It was also able to identify the presence of some of the common genetic mutations with some of these lesions acting as an independent risk factor regardless of the IPSS /IPSS-R scoring system. This will open the door for the creation of a new risk stratification system that includes all these relevant clonal genomic abnormalities. The SNP/CGH microarray analysis is relatively more expensive and costs $750 NZD pert test compared to $560 NZD for conventional metaphase cytogenetics. While our data showed that microarray analysis has a higher detection rate of genomic abnormalities with relatively good correlation with metaphase cytogenetics, however in view of its inherent limitation to detect small clone size and balanced translocation, it is recommended to be used in combination with standard metaphase karyotyping. We conclude that SNP/CGH microarray is relevant option that can be easily performed in routine diagnostics in MDS in combination with standard G banding analysis. However given the significant cost implications associated with that, this option could be of particular relevance in certain cases such as: Diagnostically uncertain cases with normal standard metaphase cytogenetics. Transplant eligible patients where it is important to confirm the diagnosis and accurately determine the disease prognosis in order to make appropriate recommendations about the merits of a proceeding to stem cell transplant. Research situations. 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